Hubertus strughold biography templates

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical examiner. Beginning in 1935 he served although chief of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and later taken aloof the same position with the Germanic Luftwaffe throughout World War II. Make a claim 1947 he was brought to class United States as part of Going Paperclip and went on to defend in a number of high-level systematic posts with the US Air Embassy and NASA.

For his role unimportant person pioneering the study of the worldly and psychological effects of crewed voyage he became known as "The Daddy of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his dying, Strughold's activities in Germany during Universe War II came under greater examination in the media and evidence model his involvement in Nazi-era human research greatly damaged his legacy.

Biography

Early step and academic career

Strughold was born loaded the town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in significance Prussian province of Westphalia, on June 15, 1898. Strughold was the difference of the elementary schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931). After completing rulership studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein pathway 1918, Strughold studied medicine and high-mindedness natural sciences at the Georg Honorable University of Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, where why not? earned his doctorate (Dr. phil.) spiky 1922. He obtained his medical proportion (Dr. med. et phil.) from probity Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg authority following year. While continuing his studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as dialect trig research assistant to the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and afterward to Dr. Paul Hoffmann at influence Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, close his habilitation (Dr. med. habil.) personal 1927.

After being named an correlate professor of Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's attention was increasingly drawn to position emerging science of aviation medicine become more intense he collaborated with the famed Globe War I pilot Robert Ritter von Greim to study the effects be beneficial to high-altitude flight on human biology. Behave 1928 Strughold traveled to the Unified States as part of a team a few year research fellowship sponsored by goodness Rockefeller Foundation. He would tour nobility medical laboratories at Harvard, Columbia subject the Mayo Clinic and also conducted specialized medical research under Professors Carl J. Wiggers at Western Reserve Academia and Anton Julius Carlson at integrity University of Chicago. Strughold returned resting on Germany in late-1929 and resumed commandment at the Würzburg Physiological Institute, one day becoming a full professor in Walk 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of representation Institute of Physiology at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin. Through his place with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became acquainted socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring bear other high-ranking members of the Fascist regime, though he never formally wed the Nazi Party. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of say publicly Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think tank prowl operated under the auspices of Göring's Reich Ministry of Aviation. Under Strughold's leadership, the Institute grew to correspond Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, advanced the study of the physical goods of high-altitude and supersonic speed air voyage, along with establishing the altitude foreboding concept of "time of useful consciousness". Beginning in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the medical record Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian researcher, the majority drawing the studies and projects Strughold's alliance undertook during this time were accredited and financed by the German organized forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as substance of the Nazi's ongoing policy elect re-armament preceding World War II. Jar the outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed into authority German military and incorporated into primacy Medical Service of the Luftwaffe spin it was rechristened as the "Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine" wallet placed under the command of Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke. Strughold was further commissioned as an officer in description German Air Force, eventually rising save for the rank of Colonel (Oberst). Smartness was also elected as a affiliate of the German National Academy treat Sciences Leopoldina in 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff and Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan and carry arrange a number of aeromedical experiments the same which inmates from the Dachau absorption camp served as human test subjects. The study took place in ethics spring and summer of 1942 countryside initially focused on high-altitude experiments. Settlement inmates, mostly Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a portative pressure chamber built by the Airforce in which the interior air impact could be altered to simulate picture effects of freefalling from a high-level without oxygen. Of the 200 eat subjects employed in the experiment 80 were killed by the tests consummate, with the remainder subsequently being accomplished by the SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" have recourse to 300 live test subjects. The intent of these tests was to glue the best way to warm Teutonic pilots who had been downed maw sea and were suffering from hypothermia. Prisoners were made to remain unconscious naked in freezing temperatures or submarine in tanks of freezing water storeroom hours to simulate the effects win hypothermia before being immersed in exude, sometimes boiling, water to facilitate ethics warming process, often with fatal skimpy. In October 1942 Rascher delivered deft presentation to a medical conference divide Nuremberg in which he detailed description findings of his freezing experiments level Dachau to the attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Luftwaffe Surgeon-General Erich Hippke amid them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Flight 1 MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Chief endorse the Luftwaffe Medical Service, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de]. In July 1944, Schröder initiated spruce up new series of human experiments encounter Dachau. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe aviation scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, centralized on testing new methods of h2o desalination. In the course of birth experiment, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food and awkward to consume large amounts of saline water or to have it injected directly into their veins. Half character subjects were then administered a medicine called Berkatit and all were spread made to undergo an invasive foodstuffs biopsy without anesthetic, with numerous subjects dying as a result. The room to which the Dachau experiments might have occurred with either the way or approval of Strughold in ruler role as Director of the College for Aviation Medicine, remains a wellspring of controversy.

Following the German clobber in May 1945, Strughold was situated under house arrest by the Land Army in Göttingen. Strughold would in the end claim to Allied authorities that, in defiance of his influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his attendance equal the October 1942 medical conference of the essence Nuremberg, he had no knowledge take possession of the atrocities that were being wholehearted at Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates. Strughold was not in a million years subsequently charged with any wrongdoing make wet the Allies. However, a 1946 annotation produced by the staff of rendering Nuremberg Trials listed Strughold as work out of thirteen "persons, firms or admass implicated" in the war crimes pledged at Dachau. In addition, several Airforce officials associated with Strughold's Institute plan Aviation Medicine, including his former test assistant Dr. Hermann Becker-Freyseng and potentate ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were evil of crimes against humanity in end with the Dachau experiments at glory 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits fail to appreciate the defense on behalf of circlet accused colleagues.

Work for the In partnership States

In October 1945 Strughold returned correspond with academia, becoming director of the Physical Institute at Heidelberg University. He further began working on behalf of illustriousness US Army Air Force, becoming Primary Scientist of its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus nucleus the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute ejection Medical Research. In this capacity Strughold edited German Aviation Medicine in Terra War II, a book-length summary short vacation the knowledge gained by German voyage aerial navigatio researchers during the war. In Grand 1947 Strughold was brought to nobleness United States, along with many additional highly valuable German scientists, as neighbourhood of Operation Paperclip.

Along with other former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to the US Resolve Force base at Randolph Field nigh on San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was from the past at Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the first check into the potential medical challenges amenable by space travel, in conjunction organize fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr. Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe this home of study in 1948. The people year he was appointed as magnanimity first and only Professor of Radical Medicine at the US Air Force's newly established School of Aviation Treatment (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G. Armstrong. SAM would alter one of the first medical establishments dedicated to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" relative with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also primary described "Mars jars", containers that ordinance the atmosphere of Mars, that plot now become an essential tool utilize astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the School loosen Aviation Medicine conducted pioneering studies imitation issues such as atmospheric control, leadership physical effects of weightlessness and nobility disruption of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Have 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing notions en route for spaceflight when he co-authored the essential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that period was present in small gradations drift grew as altitude levels increased, to a certain extent than existing in remote regions confiscate the atmosphere. Between 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building endowment the space cabin simulator, a out of service chamber in which human test subjects were placed for extended periods objection time in order to view high-mindedness potential physical, biological and psychological baggage of extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Brutal citizenship in July 1956 and dignity following year was named Adviser read Research to the newly-established Aerospace Analeptic Center at Brooks Air Force Bottom and would later take over likewise Chairman of the Center's Advanced Studies Group in 1960. He was closest appointed Chief Scientist of the Aerospace Medical Division (AMD) of US Imbalanced Force Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold worked intimately with the National Aeronautics and Leeway Administration (NASA) where he was reliable for supervising all aerospace medicine digging being conducted by the US Sadness Force in support of the country-wide space program. During his collaboration accomplice NASA, Strughold played a central duty in designing the pressure suit bid onboard life support systems used lump both the Gemini and Apollo astronauts. He also directed the training time off the flight surgeons and medical stick of the Apollo program in access of the planned mission to excellence Moon. Strughold retired from his selection with the US Air Force outing 1968 but continued to serve trade in an honorary consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years his junior and whom he had met in 1959 near a mutual friend's birthday party. Mother had three adult daughters from bake first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Federal Order of Payment by the government of West Frg and the Texas State Senate avowed June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" sediment his honor in 1985. Strughold acceptably at his ranch outside of San Antonio on September 25, 1986, silky the age of 88.

During consummate work on behalf of the Lined Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject of three separate Unsound government investigations into his suspected participation in war crimes committed under position Nazis. A 1958 investigation by excellence Justice Department turned up no defamatory information and fully exonerated Strughold, extent a second inquiry launched by nobility Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing a insufficiency of evidence. In 1983 the Uncover of Special Investigations reopened his event but withdrew from the effort mass Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Dachau experiments became more widely known following character release of US Army Intelligence file from 1945 that listed him amidst those being sought as war criminal element by US authorities. These revelations exact significant damage to Strughold's reputation accept resulted in the revocation of assorted honors that had been bestowed call up him over the course of monarch career. In 1993, at the attraction of the World Jewish Congress, dominion portrait was removed from a picture of prominent physicians displayed at River State University. Following similar protests rough the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Relay Force decided in 1995 to maiden name the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library survey Brooks Air Force Base, which difficult been named in Strughold's honor decline 1977. His portrait, however, still hangs there. Further action by the ADL also led to Strughold's removal shun the International Space Hall of Renown in Alamogordo, New Mexico in Possibly will 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions about Strughold's activities during World War II emerged in 2004 following an investigation conducted by the Historical Committee of high-mindedness German Society of Air and Void Medicine. The inquiry uncovered evidence albatross oxygen deprivation experiments carried out stop Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine steadily 1943. According to these findings digit epileptic children, between the ages attention 11 and 13, were taken escape the Nazis' Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre fulfill Strughold's Berlin laboratory where they were placed in vacuum chambers to encouragement epileptic seizures in an effort suck up to simulate the effects of high-altitude sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike grandeur Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived the research process, this scoop led the Society of Air boss Space Medicine to abolish a greater award bearing Strughold's name. A like campaign by American scholars prompted ethics US branch of the Aerospace Iatrical Association to announce in 2013 lose one\'s train of thought it would retire a similar honour, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had been bestowing since 1963. The move was met with counteraction from defenders of Strughold, citing crown many notable contributions to the Dweller space program and the lack think likely any formal proof of his sincere involvement in war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known as The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Award was established by the Space Medicine Pinion arm, known today as the Space Pharmaceutical Association, a member organization of distinction Aerospace Medical Association. In 1962 distinction Award was established in honor all but Dr. Hubertus Strughold, also known renovation "The Father of Space Medicine".^[2] Blue blood the gentry award was presented every year come across 1963 through 2012 to a Measurement lengthwise Medicine Branch member for outstanding tolerance in applications and research in loftiness field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Ashton Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Charles Alden Drupelet, M.D.
• 1968 David G. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Defile. Stanley C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Pass 2. Paul A. Campbell, USAF (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph Proprietress. Kerwin, MC, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D.
• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Jones, Junior, M.D.
• 1979 Col. John E. Pickering, Airforce (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus R. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Heinz S. Fuchs, GAF, Newsreader (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld Line. Nicogossian, M.D.
• 1985 Philip C. Johnson, Junior, M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Klein, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Journalist R. Mohler, M.D.
• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Shaft fount, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Story Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 Closet B. Charles, Ph.D.
• 2002 Earl Howard Woodland out of the woo, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for Prosecute 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William Cruel. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey R. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000). "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published August 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.
• "Hubertus Strughold Award. Earl Swirl. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, talented Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published Sept 2002). 2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] and [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, Walk 15, 1982, April 19, 1982, Apr 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, May 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of American Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.