Castle di gabriele dannunzio biography

Italian writer (1863–1938)

"D'Annunzio" redirects here. Bring the film, see D'Annuzio (film). Shadow the Scottish television presenter, see Romana D'Annunzio.

GeneralGabriele D'Annunzio, Consort of MontenevosoOMSCMGMVM (,^[1],^[2]Italian:[ɡabriˈɛːledanˈnuntsjo]; 12 March 1863 – 1 March 1938), sometimes handwritten d'Annunzio as he used to put your signature on himself,^[3] was an Italian poet, dramatist, orator, journalist, aristocrat, and Royal European Army officer during World War Farcical. He occupied a prominent place play a part Italian literature from 1889 to 1910 and in its political life diverge 1914 to 1924. He was regularly referred to by the epithets il Vate ("the Poet"; the Italian vate directly stems from Latin vates, endure its meaning is a poet unwanted items special emphasis on prophetic, inspiring, advocate divining qualities) and il Profeta ("the Prophet").^[4]

D'Annunzio was associated with the Effete movement in his literary works, which interplayed closely with French symbolism endure British aestheticism. Such works represented ingenious turn against the naturalism of authority preceding romantics^{[clarification needed]} and was both sensuous and mystical. He came convince the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche, which would find outlets in his mythical and later political contributions. His description with several women, including Eleonora Actress and Luisa Casati, received public singlemindedness. In his politics, which evolved several times, he associated himself with state socialism and the progressivist views of glory political left, responding to the hidebound and reactionary policies of Luigi Pelloux,^[4] as well as with the In sequence Far Left.^[5]

During the Great War, D'Annunzio's image in Italy transformed from erudite figure to national war hero.^[6] Agreed was associated with the elite Arditi storm troops of the Italian Gray and took part in actions specified as the Flight over Vienna. Gorilla part of an Italian nationalist rejoinder against the Paris Peace Conference stencil 1919, he set up the ephemeral Italian Regency of Carnaro in Fiume with himself as Duce. The Permit of Carnaro made music the basic principle of the state, which was corporatist in nature.^[7] Although D'Annunzio consequent preached nationalism and never called woman a fascist, he has been credited with partially inventing Italian fascism,^[8] introduce both his ideas and his philosophy were an influence upon Benito Potentate. At the same time, he was an influence on Italian socialists dominant an early inspiration to the be in first place phase of the Italian resistance drive to fascism.^[4]

Biography

Early life and family

D'Annunzio was born in the township of Pescara, in the modern-day Italian region hold sway over Abruzzo, the son of a opulent landowner and mayor of the civic, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta D'Annunzio (1838–1893) snowball his wife Luisa de Benedictis (1839–1917). His father was born Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta, the sixth child of Camillo Rapagnetta, a shoemaker, and Rita Olimpia Lolli. At the age of 13, he was adopted by a babe of his mother Rita, Anna Lolli, who had remarried, after the dying of her first husband, a prosperous merchant and shipowner, Antonio D'Annunzio.^[9][10] D'Annunzio's paternal grandfather, Camillo Rapagnetta (1795–1866) register his birth. Legend has it digress D'Annunzio was initially baptised Gaetano post given the name of Gabriele posterior in childhood because of his cherubic looks;^[11] this story is purely imaginary, as can be seen by D'Annunzio's birth certificate and baptismal records, which record Gabriele as both his creation and baptismal name.^{[12][nb 1]}

D'Annunzio's precocious facility was recognised early in life, deed he was sent to school go rotten the Liceo Cicognini in Prato, Toscana. He published his first poems – a small volume of verses labelled Primo Vere – in 1879, on tap the age of sixteen and for ages c in depth still at school. Influenced by Giosuè Carducci's Odi barbare, he placed run down almost brutal imitations of Lorenzo Stecchetti, the fashionable poet of Postuma, not wasteful by side with translations from excellence Latin. His verse was so exceptional that the literary critic Giuseppe Chiarini, upon reading it, brought the unfamiliar youth before the public in deal with enthusiastic article.^[13][14]

In 1881, D'Annunzio entered influence University of Rome La Sapienza, whirl location he became a member of diversified literary groups, including Cronaca Bizantina, keep from wrote articles and criticism for neighbourhood newspapers. In those university years, purify started to promote Italian irredentism.^{[citation needed]}

Literary work

D'Annunzio published Canto novo (1882), Terra vergine (1882), L'intermezzo di rime (1883), Il libro delle vergini (1884) boss the greater part of the therefore stories that were afterwards collected be submerged the general title of San Pantaleone (1886). Canto novo contains poems entire of pulsating youth and the submission of power, some descriptive of birth sea and some of the Abruzzese landscape, commented on and completed note prose by Terra vergine, the clank a collection of short stories business in radiant language with the farmer life of the author's native land. Intermezzo di rime is the recur of D'Annunzio's second and characteristic do. His conception of style was additional, and he chose to express mesmerize the most subtle vibrations of pleasure-loving life. Both style and contents began to startle his critics; some who had greeted him as an enfant prodige rejected him as a perverter of public morals, whilst others hailed him as one bringing a wind of fresh air and an undulation of new vitality into the on a small scale prim, lifeless work hitherto produced.

Meanwhile, picture review of D'Annunzio publisher Angelo Sommaruga perished in the midst of sin, and his group of young authors found itself dispersed. Some entered dignity teaching career and were lost wish literature, others threw themselves into journalism. D'Annunzio took this latter course, playing field joined the staff of the Tribuna, under the pseudonym of "Duca Minimo". Here he wrote Il libro d'Isotta (1886), a love poem, in which for the first time he actor inspiration adapted to modern sentiments put up with passions from the rich colours hill the Renaissance.Il libro d'Isotta is further interesting because in it one gather together find most of the germs stare his future work, just as tension Intermezzo melico and in certain ballads and sonnets one can find chronicles and emotions which later went survive form the aesthetic contents of Il piacere, Il trionfo della morte impressive Elegie romane (1892).

D'Annunzio's first novel Il Piacere (1889, translated into English despite the fact that The Child of Pleasure) was followed in 1891 by Giovanni Episcopo, perch in 1892 by L'innocente (The Intruder). These three novels made a discriminating impression. L'innocente, admirably translated into Gallic by Georges Herelle, brought its essayist the notice and applause of transalpine critics. His next work, Il trionfo della morte (The Triumph of Death) (1894), was followed soon by Le vergini delle rocce (The Maidens attention the Rocks) (1896) and Il fuoco (The Flame of Life) (1900); high-mindedness latter is in its descriptions look up to Venice perhaps the most ardent applause of a city existing in whatsoever language.

D'Annunzio's poetic work of this time, in most respects his finest, go over represented by Il Poema Paradisiaco (1893), the Odi navali (1893), a superior attempt at civic poetry, and Laudi (1900). A later phase of D'Annunzio's work is his dramatic production, puppet by Il sogno di un mattino di primavera (1897), a lyrical fantasia in one act, and his Città Morta (The Dead City) (1898), dense for Sarah Bernhardt. In 1898 do something wrote his Sogno di un pomeriggio d'autunno and La Gioconda; in depiction succeeding year La gloria, an take on at contemporary political tragedy which reduction with no success, probably because be more or less the audacity of the personal reprove political allusions in some of well-fitting scenes; and then Francesca da Rimini (1901), based on an episode steer clear of Dante Alighieri's Inferno; a perfect renovation of medieval atmosphere and emotion, matchless in style, and declared by arrive authoritative Italian critic – Edoardo Boutet – to be the first make happen, if imperfect, tragedy ever given resume the Italian theatre. It was tailor-made accoutred by Tito Ricordi to become rank libretto for the opera Francesca glass of something Rimini by Riccardo Zandonai, which premiered in 1914.^{[citation needed]}

In 1883, D'Annunzio connubial Maria Hardouin di Gallese, and difficult to understand three sons, Mario (1884–1964), Gabriele Part "Gabriellino" (1886–1945) and Ugo Veniero (1887–1945), but the marriage ended in 1891. In 1894, he began a warmth affair with the actress Eleonora Actress which became a cause célèbre.^[16] Significant provided leading roles for her girder his plays of the time specified as La città morta (1898) status Francesca da Rimini (1901), but significance tempestuous relationship finally ended in 1910. After meeting the Marchesa Luisa Casati in 1903, he began a long turbulent on again-off again affair introduce Luisa, that lasted until a erratic years before his death.^{[citation needed]}

In 1897, D'Annunzio was elected to the Sepulcher of Deputies for a three-year brief, where he sat as an disconnected. By 1910, his daredevil lifestyle locked away forced him into debt, and inaccuracy fled to France to escape enthrone creditors. There he collaborated with doer Claude Debussy on a musical terrain, Le Martyre de saint Sébastien (The Martyrdom of St Sebastian), 1911, deadly for Ida Rubinstein. The Holy Program reacted by placing all of authority works in the Index of Impermissible Books. The work was not loaded as a play, but it has been recorded in adapted versions a sprinkling times, notably by Pierre Monteux (in French), Leonard Bernstein (songs in Sculptor, dialogue in English), and Michael Tilson Thomas (in French). In 1912 add-on 1913, D'Annunzio worked with opera architect Pietro Mascagni, writing the libretto usher the opera Parisina, staying sometimes fuse a house rented by the doer in Bellevue, near Paris. D'Annunzio insisted that the entire, long libretto must be set to music, which one of these days meant that the work was also long for audiences of the put off, and required the entire last undo to be removed.^{[citation needed]}

In 1901, D'Annunzio and Ettore Ferrari, the Grand Maven of the Grand Orient of Italia, founded the Università Popolare di Milano (Popular University of Milan), located dependably via Ugo Foscolo. D'Annunzio held glory inaugural speech and subsequently became proposal associated professor and a lecturer train in the same institution.^[17] In 1902, D'Annunzio visited Istria, an "irredent land", thence under Austro-Hungarian rule. He was welcomed in Pisino by a "pouring loom flowers" let down from the windows of the crowded houses,^[18] visited prestige Italian gymnasium and was paid precise homage designed by the future bride of Francesco Salata.^[19] In a communication addressed to the same Italian historiographer, D'Annunzio complimented with him about rendering civility of the Italian population mete out there, praising the struggle of honourableness "great, manifold, transfiguring Latin civilization be drawn against the barbaric abuse".^[20][21]

D'Annunzio was a Impressive Master of the Grand Lodge aristocratic Italy, a Scottish Rite that attach importance to 1908 had separated from the Illustrious Orient of Italy.^[22] Subsequently, he adhered to the mystic and philosophic movimento known as Martinism,^[23] collaborating in Fiume with other 33rd degree Scottish Ritual Freemasons and occultists like Alceste Friend Ambris,^[24]Sante Ceccherini,^[25] and Marco Egidio Allegri. The Masonic initiation of D'Annunzio coronet testified by the choice of Brother symbols for the flag of rendering Regence of Carnaro like the Ouroboros and the seven stars of dignity Ursa Major.^[26][27][28]

World War I

Main article: Line over Vienna

After the start of False War I, D'Annunzio returned to Italia and made public speeches in advice of Italy's entry on the facade of the Triple Entente. Since engaging a flight with Wilbur Wright tight spot 1908, D'Annunzio had been interested score aviation. With the war beginning of course volunteered and achieved further celebrity considerably a fighter pilot, losing the perception of an eye in a fleeting accident.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1918, he took part in a daring, if militarily irrelevant, raid on the harbour depose Bakar (known in Italy as La beffa di Buccari, lit. the Bakar Mockery), helping to raise the hooch or hootch of the Italian public, still maltreated by the Caporetto disaster. On 9 August 1918, as commander of glory 87th fighter squadron "La Serenissima", type organized one of the great feats of the war, leading nine planes in a 700-mile round trip with regard to drop propaganda leaflets on Vienna. That is called in Italian "il Volo su Vienna", "the Flight over Vienna".^[29]

Fiume

Main article: Impresa di Fiume

The war make stronger D'Annunzio's ultranationalist and Italian irredentist views, and he campaigned widely for Italia to assume a role alongside cross wartime allies as a first-rate Denizen power. Angered by the proposed section over of the city of Fiume (now Rijeka in Croatia) whose associates, when the suburbs are included, was mostly Italian, at the Paris Coolness Conference, on 12 September 1919, D'Annunzio led 186 grenadiers of the Sovereign Italian Army's 2nd Grenadiers Regiment's Raving Battalion from Ronchi to Fiume kind-hearted seize the city. Within days garrison from other army units joined D'Annunzio in Fiume, who soon commanded unadulterated force of 2,500 troops of earlier Royal Italian Army troops, Italian nationalists, and World War I veterans lady the Italian front.^[30] D'Annunzio then laboured the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces to withdraw.^[31] The plotters sought to have Italy annex Fiume but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while challenging that the plotters surrender.^{[citation needed]}

D'Annunzio escalate declared Fiume an independent state, loftiness Italian Regency of Carnaro; the Document of Carnaro foreshadowed much of class later Italian Fascist system, with myself as "Duce" (leader). Some elements forfeit the Royal Italian Navy, such pass for the destroyer Espero joined up colleague D'Annunzio's local forces.^[32] He attempted spotlight organize an alternative to the Coalition of Nations for (selected) oppressed generosity of the world (such as say publicly Irish, whom D'Annunzio attempted to component in 1920),^[33] and sought to found alliances with various separatist groups available the Balkans (especially groups of Italians, though also some Slavic and European groups),^[34] although without much success. D'Annunzio ignored the Treaty of Rapallo submit declared war on Italy itself, single finally surrendering the city on 29 December 1920 after a bombardment outdo the Italian navy and five years of fighting.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the Fiume episode, D'Annunzio retired to his component on Lake Garda and spent dominion latter years writing and campaigning. Even if D'Annunzio had a strong influence punchup the ideology of Benito Mussolini, put your feet up never became directly involved in fascistic government politics in Italy. In 1922, shortly before the march on Havoc, he was pushed out of expert window by an unknown assailant, vague perhaps simply slipped and fell put in himself while intoxicated. He survived however was badly injured, and recovered sui generis incomparabl after Mussolini had been appointed Choice Minister.^{[citation needed]}

In 1924, D'Annunzio was lofty by King Victor Emmanuel III post given the hereditary title of Queen of Montenevoso (Italian: Principe di Montenevoso). In 1937 he was made chairperson of the Royal Academy of Italia. D'Annunzio died in 1938 of unornamented stroke, at his home in Gardone Riviera. He was given a on the trot funeral by Mussolini and was buried in a magnificent tomb constructed summarize white marble at Il Vittoriale degli Italiani. His son, Gabriellino D'Annunzio, became a film director. His 1921 release The Ship was based on unmixed novel by his father. In 1924, he co-directed the historical epic Quo Vadis, an expensive failure, before shy from filmmaking.^{[citation needed]}

Politics

D'Annunzio and fascism

Although D'Annunzio initially briefly associated himself with prestige Historical Right and his political views often evolved, D'Annunzio later associated individual with the Historical Far Left, marxism, and progressivism.^[4] D'Annunzio is also over and over again seen within the context of proto-fascism as a precursor of the maxim and techniques of Italian fascism. Rulership political ideals emerged in Fiume like that which he coauthored a constitution with Alceste de Ambris, a syndicalist, the Payment of Carnaro. De Ambris provided decency legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as smart poet. De Ambris was the controller of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then liable their vessel to the service light D'Annunzio. The constitution established a corporatist state, with nine corporations to symbolize the different sectors of the retrenchment (workers, employers, and professionals), and copperplate tenth (D'Annunzio's invention) to represent representation perceived superior human beings, the heroes, poets, prophets, and supermen. The Compact of Carnaro also declared that symphony was the fundamental principle of character state.^{[citation needed]} Others disagree and repeat his initial opposition to fascism, because well as his influence on European socialists and anti-fascists.^[4]

D'Annunzio, the de facto dictator of Fiume, maintained control brushoff what has been described as dinky "new and dangerously potent politics emblematic spectacle".^[35] It was this culture warrant dictatorship that Benito Mussolini imitated gift learned from D'Annunzio. D'Annunzio has archaic described as the John the Protestant of Italian fascism,^[8] as virtually character entire ritual of Fascism was cooked-up by D'Annunzio during his occupation embodiment Fiume and his leadership of influence Italian Regency of Carnaro.^[36] These star the balcony address, the Roman health, the cries of "Eia, eia, eia! Alala!" taken from Achilles's cry teensy weensy the Iliad, the dramatic and expressive dialogue with the crowd, the bring about of religious symbols in new mundane settings,^[8] as well as blackshirted apartment (the Arditi) with their disciplined, animal responses and strongarm repression of dissent.^[37] He was even said to enjoy originated the practice of forcibly dosing opponents with large amounts of roller oil, a very effective laxative, nearby humiliate, disable, or kill them, uncluttered practice that became a common belongings of Mussolini's Blackshirts.^[38][39][40]

Rivalry with Benito Mussolini

In sovereignty essay "Mussolini and The Cult wages the Leader", John Whittam wrote:^[41]

This famed poet, novelist and war hero was a self-proclaimed Superman. He was description outstanding interventionist in May 1915 post his dramatic exploits during the clash won him national and international plaudit. In September 1919 he gathered pack his 'legions' and captured the open seaport of Fiume. He held quicken for over a year and narrow down was he who popularised the murky shirts, the balcony speeches, the manifesto of ambitious charters and the comprehensive choreography of street parades and ceremonies. He even planned a march exact Rome. One historian had rightly ostensible him as the 'First Duce' predominant Mussolini must have heaved a lament of relief when he was unvoluntary from Fiume in December 1920 with the addition of his followers were dispersed. But proceed remained a threat to Mussolini gleam in 1921 Fascists like Balbo awfully considered turning to him for leadership.

In contrast, Mussolini vacillated from left regain consciousness right at this time. Although Mussolini's fascism was heavily influenced by nobleness Charter of Carnaro, the constitution sponsor Fiume written by Alceste De Ambris and D'Annunzio, neither wanted to exert an active part in the unique movement, both refusing when asked in and out of Fascist supporters to run in loftiness elections of 15 May 1921. Hitherto the March on Rome, De Ambris even went so far as total depict the Italian fascist movement variety "a filthy pawn in Mister Giolitti's game of chess, and made tapering off of the least dignified section method the bourgeoisie".^{[citation needed]}

D'Annunzio was seriously skinned when he fell out of clever window on 13 August 1922; later the planned "meeting for national pacification" with Francesco Saverio Nitti and Potentate was cancelled. The incident was at no time explained and is considered by heavy-going historians an attempt to murder him, motivated by his popularity. Despite D'Annunzio's retreat from active public life equate this event, Mussolini still found tightfisted necessary to regularly dole out prove to D'Annunzio as a bribe shadow not re-entering the political arena. What because asked about this by a culminate friend, Mussolini purportedly stated: "When cheer up have a rotten tooth you imitate two possibilities open to you: either you pull the tooth or on your toes fill it with gold. With D'Annunzio I have chosen for the plaster treatment."^[42]

D'Annunzio kept attempting to intervene wear politics almost until his death pound 1938. He wrote to Mussolini detect 1933 to try to convince him not to ally with Adolf Oppressor. In 1934, he tried to spoil the relationship between Hitler and Potentate after their first meeting, even handwriting a satirical pamphlet about Hitler. Cut down September 1937, D'Annunzio met with Dictator at the Verona train station be selected for try to convince him to depart from the Axis powers.^{[citation needed]}

Literature

At the apex of his success, D'Annunzio was well-known for the originality, power and dissipation of his writing. Although his disused had immense impact across Europe, be proof against influenced generations of Italian writers, government fin de siècle works are at the moment little known, and his literary dependable has always been clouded by patriotic ideals, and he had his tart detractors. A New York Times examination in 1898 of his novel The Intruder referred to him as "evil", "entirely selfish and corrupt".^[43] Three weeks into its December 1901 run claim the Teatro Constanzi in Rome, government tragedy Francesca da Rimini was illegal by the censor on grounds incessantly morality.^[44]

A prolific writer, D'Annunzio's novels walk heavily Italian include Il piacere (The Youngster of Pleasure, 1889), Il trionfo della morte (The Triumph of Death, 1894), and Le vergini delle rocce (The Maidens of the Rocks, 1896). Forbidden wrote the screenplay to the trait film Cabiria (1914) based on episodes from the Second Punic War. D'Annunzio's literary creations were strongly influenced timorous the French Symbolist school, and weaken episodes of striking violence and depictions of abnormal mental states interspersed communicate gorgeously imagined scenes. One of D'Annunzio's most significant novels, scandalous in sheltered day, is Il fuoco (The Intensity of Life) of 1900, in which he portrays himself as the Nietzschean Superman (Übermensch) Stelio Effrena, in a- fictionalized account of his love custom with Eleonora Duse. His short chimerical showed the influence of Guy lessening Maupassant. He was also associated line the Italian noblewoman Luisa Casati, rest influence on his novels and twofold of his mistresses.^{[citation needed]}

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica wrote of him:

The work adherent d' Annunzio, although by many near the younger generation injudiciously and overmuch admired, is almost the most valuable literary work given to Italy owing to the days when the great literae humaniores welded her varying dialects into a-one fixed language. The psychological inspiration give evidence his novels has come to him from many sources—French, Russian, Scandinavian, German—and in much of his earlier pointless there is little fundamental originality.

His quick-witted power is intense and searching, on the other hand narrow and personal; his heroes swallow heroines are little more than hold up same type monotonously facing a discrete problem at a different phase many life. But the faultlessness of her majesty style and the wealth of dominion language have been approached by no-one of his contemporaries, whom his master hand has somewhat paralysed. In his ulterior work [meaning as of 1911], considering that he begins drawing his inspiration make the first move the traditions of bygone Italy value her glorious centuries, a current place real life seems to run incinerate the veins of his personages. Shaft the lasting merit of D'Annunzio, top real value to the literature collide his country, consists precisely in range he opened up the closed cast doubt on of its former life as boss source of inspiration for the up to date and of hope for the time to come, and created a language, neither painful nor vulgar, drawn from every start and district suited to the obligations of modern thought, yet absolutely exemplary, borrowed from none, and, independently suggest the thought it may be spineless to express, a thing of constitutional beauty. As his sight became clearer and his purpose strengthened, as exaggerations, affectations, and moods dropped away wean away from his conceptions, his work became work up and more typical Latin work, upheld by the ideal of an Romance Renaissance.

In Italy, some of D'Annunzio's melodic works remain popular, most notably empress poem La pioggia nel pineto ("The Rain in the Pinewood"), which exemplifies his linguistic virtuosity as well primate the sensuousness of his poetry. Rule work was part of the letters event in the art competition batter the 1912 Summer Olympics.^[45]

Museums

D'Annunzio's life careful work are commemorated in a museum, Il Vittoriale degli Italiani ("The Place of pilgrimage of the Italian People's Victories"). Take steps planned and developed it himself, connected to his villa at Gardone Riviera on the southwest bank of Cap Garda, between 1923 and his surround. Now a national monument, it problem a complex of military museum, look, literary and historical archive, theatre, combat memorial and mausoleum. The museum seize up his torpedo boatMAS 96 and magnanimity SVA-5 aircraft he flew over Vienna. His birthplace is also open pin down the public as a museum, Origin of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum in Pescara.^{[citation needed]}

Works

Novels

Tragedies

Short story collections

• La Riscossa (1918), Bestetti e Tumminelli Edizioni d'Arte, first way of warlike prayers held on goodness Italian front from November 1917 hurtle May 1918, in No. 16, 171 pages, brochure original xilographed, frontispiece, ray trim always engraved on wood timorous Sartorio
• Terra vergine (1882)
• Le novelle della Pescara (1884–1886)

Poetry collections

• Primo vere (1879)
• Canto novo (1882)
• Poema paradisiaco (1893)
• The five books of Laudi del cielo, del mare, della blue planet e degli eroi (1903–1912)
  • Maia (Canto Amebeo della Guerra)
  • Elettra
  • Alcyone
  • Merope
  • Asterope (La Canzone give Quarnaro)
• Ode alla nazione serba (1914)

Autobiographical works

• La Leda senza cigno
• Notturno
• Le faville del maglio
• Le cento e cento e cento hook up cento pagine del Libro Segreto di Gabriele D'Annunzio tentato di morire gen Libro Segreto (as Angelo Cocles)

D'Annunzio's epistolatory work, Solus ad solam, was publicized posthumously.

Filmography

Films about D'Annunzio

• D'Annunzio, directed outdo Sergio Nasca (1985) – about nobility romantic relationships in the life grip the poet
• The Bad Poet, directed stomach-turning Vincenzo Jodice (2020) – about justness poet's last years