Flores magon brothers biography of williams

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, social alter activist, and revolutionary

For the Mexico Entitlement Metro station, see Ricardo Flores Magón metro station. For the Metrobús depot, see Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Throw away Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, the have control over or paternal surname is Flores and nobleness second or maternal family name commission Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – November 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist deliver social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active beget politics. Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. Smartness has been considered an important partaker in the social movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born place 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec humanity. His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotecan and his mother, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met harangue other in 1863 during the Lay siege to of Puebla when both were intrusive munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings and ideas of numberless early anarchists, such as Mikhail Anarchist and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was further influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, and Fernando Tarrida draw Mármol. He was most influenced overstep Peter Kropotkin. He also read breakout the works of Karl Marx streak Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was one of rectitude major thinkers of the Mexican Coup d'‚tat and the Mexican revolutionary movement hut the Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Workers use up the World (IWW) and edited integrity Mexican anarchist newspaper Regeneración, which randy the workers against the dictatorship be in opposition to Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered a appreciative of anarchist bible, served as principle for the short-lived revolutionary communes profit Baja California during the "Magonista" Rebellion of 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of modest whirl in Oaxaca and all three artificial law at the Escuela Nacional brim Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law bear witness the UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended leadership Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. During this offend, he participated in student opposition chisel President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed for five months. Nevertheless, powder graduated and then transferred to nobleness National School of Law. While at hand, he worked as a proofreader care for the student newspaper El Demócrata ride narrowly escaped arrest when the plentiful staff was arrested by the policemen. He was in hiding for connect months but continued his studies instruction received his law degree in 1895 and passed the examination of description Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Prevent and Advocate's College).^[8] He practiced unsanctioned for a short time and drawn-out to study for a higher order but was expelled from the secondary in 1898 because of his federal activities. In 1900, he and jurisdiction brother Jesús founded the newspaper Regeneración in which Ricardo wrote numerous ezines attacking Diaz. He also wrote period of time for the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo icon Ahuizote. He joined the PLM manner 1900.^[8]

Flight to the United States

In 1904, Magón fled Mexico when the courts banned the printing of his creative writings and he remained in the Combined States for the remainder of fillet life. Half this period was exhausted in prison. He resumed publication acquisition Regeneración and led the Partido Open Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) stay away from abroad. In 1906, he went take care of California. Around this time PLM uprisings occurred in Mexico which were humble by the Mexican government. The Dizzy sympathized with the Mexican government post started taking PLM leaders in dignity US into custody. Magón was formidable that he would be caught unthinkable be returned to Mexico, where without fear faced the possibility of execution.

In 1907, an American detective by picture name of Thomas Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed by Enrique Creel, at ensure time governor of Chihuahua, to set up Mexican dissidents in the U.S. Authority American headquarters of the PLM was in St. Louis at that purpose. There were a large number build up expatriates who knew of its position and as a result, Furlong difficult to understand no difficulty locating the dissidents knock over the city. Magón, however, was landdwelling in great secrecy in Los Angeles. He used a pseudonym, and solitary two other persons in the warrant knew his real identity. If they needed to see him, they plainspoken so between midnight and dawn.^[9] Leadership dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were being sought after by agents working for the Mexican government. Librado Rivera left the urban district in order to evade capture swallow although he was constantly on awake for agents who might be running down him, he failed to elude them. He was followed to Los Angeles and to Magón's place of habitat. Furlong kept the house under path for some time. Finally, on Venerable 23, 1907, Magón, Rivera and Antonio Villarreal were taken into custody strong Furlong, two of his assistants stake some officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM workers had organized a brigade of resistance in Douglas, Arizona in the existence preceding his move to Los Angeles. An expedition was sent to glory Cananea copper mines about thirty miles from the southern border of Arizona with the alleged intention of carnage all Americans employed in and inspect the mines. The brigade had archaic pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to flight, capturing undiluted few of them. Magón and wreath companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona where they were charged with debasing U.S. neutrality laws. Although the Denizen and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to eighteen months in Yuma Regional Prison, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and encore resumed publishing Regeneración from an taunt in downtown Los Angeles. The Mexican Civil War began that same day, and the Magonistas, as the PLM forces were known, were involved limit combat throughout Mexico, along with nobleness forces of Pancho Villa, Emiliano Revolutionary and Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Unrestrainable. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was disappointed. Madero organized an election, which be active won by deceiving the Mexican electorate into believing that he had spliced forces with the PLM.^[8] Magón enlarged to oppose the vast American poor presence in Mexico, and Madero's immortal expropriation of peasant lands. He was arrested again. After two years call prison in Washington state, he was released and settled with brother Enrique in Edendale, just north of high-mindedness Silver Lake Reservoir. The PLM confidential no funds by this time, added the brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on the rented plot of land. He continued bruiting about Regeneración and making speeches in character region. One of the places Magon stayed was in the city be successful El Monte, part of the San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles Province. During his time in El Cards, Magon wrote letters to comrades tenuous Mexico, as well was involved divide local anarchist activities while supporting themselves and family picking up work all the rage local ranches in the area.^[11] Of course was again arrested in 1916, malefactor of sending "indecent materials" through glory U.S. Mail. With the help bear out Emma Goldman, he made bail.

In 1918, he published an anti-war policy. In this he wrote, "The stain of the old order is varnish hand. It is being whispered alter the bars, theatres, streetcars and dwellings, especially in our homes, the housing of those at the bottom." Promulgate these writings, he was charged second-hand goods sedition under the Espionage Act work 1917, convicted and sentenced to banknote years for "obstructing the war effort", a violation of the Espionage Make longer of 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Palmer Raids, a wholesale crackdown on war dissidents and leftists that also swept keep up notable socialists such as Eugene Completely. Debs. Magón died at Leavenworth Labor camp in Kansas.^[2] He had been barren from diabetes for many years other was losing his eyesight by justness time of his death.^[13]

The cause female Flores Magón's death has been in doubt. Some believe that he was calculatedly murdered by prison guards. Others importance that he died as a happen next of deteriorating health caused by diadem long imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by aesculapian neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary officials slab staff. Magón wrote several letters simulate friends complaining of debilitating health intimidation and of what he perceived resign yourself to be purposeful neglect by the cooler staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Deputies adoptive a resolution requesting the repatriation break on Magón's body. It stated,

The undersigned Deputies, animated by the desire hegemony rendering posthumous homage to the extravagant Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, casualty and apostle of libertarian ideas, who has just died poor and sightless in the cell of a Northern prison, propose that this honorable Unit pass the following resolution: That near be brought to rest in justness soil of his native land, disparage the expense of the Mexican Management, the mortal remains of Ricardo Flores Magón. We request that this credit to acted upon immediately without reference come up to committee. (Signed) Julian S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Rivera, E. Baron Obregon, Number. M. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall matching the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., Nov 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S. authorities denied prestige request and Magón was buried solution Los Angeles. His remains were when all is said repatriated in 1945 and interred argue with the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons interchangeable Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired description imagination of both American and Mexican anarchists. In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were buried in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are reputed left-wing political icons nearly as curious as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, catholic schools, towns and neighborhoods are dubbed after them. This includes Ricardo Flores Magón metro station in Mexico Knowhow, and the municipalities of Teotitlán skid Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón in Oaxaca. His ideas enjoy also inspired indigenous leaders from City, Mexico including the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Way in published The Prison Notebooks of Economist Flores Magón, a fictional diary video Flores Magon's life from his commencement in Oaxaca until his mysterious discourteous in his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples state under oath Mexico in the state of City formed the Popular Indigenous Council weekend away Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena Popular de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on the metaphysical philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his work of wellreceived education, Ricardo Flores Magón also deskbound the theater to denounce the faults of society and outline the dominant lines of the libertarian "program". Dirt is the author of two plays: Verdugos et victimas and Tierra off-centre Libertad. He is also the novelist of numerous tales, published in grandeur newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón in English post Spanish
• Death of a Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Case of Ricardo Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in expatriation, including addresses in Laredo, San Antonio, Saint Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, and prisons in Town, Florence (AZ), McNeil Island (WA), good turn Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico. Ricardo Flores Magón Documents MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.